{"id":16834,"date":"2019-07-26T08:16:10","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:16:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/sodabe\/"},"modified":"2019-07-26T08:16:11","modified_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:16:11","slug":"sodabe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/?p=16834","title":{"rendered":"Palmu v\u012bns"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Palmu v\u012bns, da\u017eos inform\u0101cijas avotos tiek d\u0113v\u0113ts par palmu pun\u0161u ir alkoholisks dz\u0113riens, aptuveni ar 4 % spirta, kas ir tais\u012bts no palmu nekt\u0101ra vai sulas. Dz\u0113riens ir \u013coti popul\u0101rs \u0100frikas valst\u012bs un \u0100zij\u0101 tropiskaj\u0101 un subtropiskaj\u0101 klimat\u0101 kur tie\u0161i aug kokosriekstu koks un da\u017e\u0101du \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u palmas. Viens no palmu v\u012bna popularit\u0101tes faktoriem ir tas, ka ra\u017eo\u0161ana ir \u013coti l\u0113ta un \u0101tra, neprasa \u012bpa\u0161as, \u0101rk\u0101rt\u0113jas zin\u0101\u0161anas, dr\u012bz\u0101k veikl\u012bbu. Nav prec\u012bzi zin\u0101ms kad pirmo reizi tika uztais\u012bts palmu v\u012bns, bet lo\u0123iski secin\u0101t, ka v\u012bnu tais\u012bja kop\u0161 tiem laikiem, kad cilv\u0113ks pirmo reizi bija uzr\u0101pies palm\u0101.<\/p>\n

Teritorija<\/strong>
\nPalmu v\u012bnu ra\u017eo gandr\u012bz katr\u0101 \u0100frikas valst\u012b, kur vien ir sastopamas palmas, kokosriekstu koki un radniec\u012bgi augi. Indij\u0101 dro\u0161\u012bbas dienesti pat c\u012bn\u0101s ar palmu sulas v\u0101c\u0113jiem, kuri iek\u0101roju\u0161i Funafunti starptautisk\u0101s lidostas skrejce\u013ca apst\u0101d\u012bjumus. B\u016btisks faktors palmu v\u012bna rad\u012b\u0161an\u0101 ir \u0100frikas valstu un Indijas politiski \u2013 ekonomiskais st\u0101voklis \u2013 masveida nabadz\u012bba. L\u012bdz ar to \u0161o re\u0123ionu iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji cen\u0161as rast izpriecas izmantojot minim\u0101lus resursus. Cilv\u0113ki dz\u012bvo cie\u0161\u0101 saikn\u0113 ar dabu un ar\u012b cen\u0161as no dabas ieg\u016bt visu nepiecie\u0161am\u0101ko. Atsevi\u0161\u0137as ciltis dz\u012bvo k\u0101 pirmatn\u0113j\u0101 laikmet\u0101, bez elektr\u012bbas, telefoniem un cit\u0101m civiliz\u0101cijas ekstr\u0101m. L\u012bdz ar to ir skaidrs, ka \u0161o cil\u0161u iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji tiks pie moderniem alkoholiskiem dz\u0113rieniem, ra\u017eo\u0161anas iek\u0101rt\u0101m un smalk\u0101m tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m. Visa pamat\u0101 ir vienk\u0101r\u0161\u012bba, dabiskums un paaud\u017eu pieredze.
\nPalmu v\u012bnu taisa Kamer\u016bn\u0101, kur to d\u0113v\u0113 par Mimbo, Mantango vai Mbuh. \u0136\u012bnas austrumu re\u0123ionos kur tas sauc\u0101s – Panam Cullo, Doka, Gan\u0101 \u0161o dz\u0113rienu sauc par Nsafufo, Jabra, Kallum Tady, Toddy, Neera \u2013 Indij\u0101 un Tuval\u016b, Sjerra Leone palmu v\u012bns tiek saukts par Pod\u017eo, bez t\u0101 \u0161o dz\u0113rienu ra\u017eo Malaizij\u0101, \u0160ri \u2013 Lank\u0101 un Filipin\u0101s. Protams, katr\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 past\u0101v savas dz\u0113riena pagatavo\u0161anas nianses un specifika.<\/p>\n

\"\"Sulas sav\u0101k\u0161ana<\/strong>
\nIr da\u017eas palmu sulas ieg\u016b\u0161anas metodes. Vispirms tiek sav\u0101kta, ieg\u016bta palmu koka sula. Parasti sulu sav\u0101c no palmu koku ziediem. Tvertne tiek piestiprin\u0101ta pie iegriezta zieda un t\u0101 tiek iev\u0101kts balts, salds bezalkoholisks \u0161\u0137idrums – nekt\u0101rs. Bie\u017ei iev\u0101ktais palmu ziedu nekt\u0101rs jau ir ferment\u0113jies dab\u012bg\u0101 ce\u013c\u0101 un ir pat 3,8 % stiprs. Reiz\u0113m, lai ieg\u016btu sulu \u0161\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101, cilv\u0113kam ir j\u0101uzk\u0101pj palm\u0101 pat 20 m augstum\u0101. Lieki piebilst, ka \u0161is process ir \u013coti b\u012bstams.
\nOtr\u0101 metode ir daudz dro\u0161\u0101ka \u2013 sulu ieg\u016bst noc\u0113rtot palmu.
\nTre\u0161\u0101 metode \u2013 uz palmas stumbra tiek veikts iegriezums aptuveni 15 cm no t\u0101s virsotnes. Apk\u0101rt kokam tiek saliktas t\u012bras tvertnes un 5 \u2013 12 stundu laik\u0101 sula tiek ietek taj\u0101s (nesaprotu k\u0101 tas ir iesp\u0113jams). Tikko sav\u0101kta palmu sula satur 10 \u2013 12 % cukura. Interesanti, ka ra\u017eojot bezalkoholisku dz\u0113rienu, sulai pievieno nelielu laima augli lai nov\u0113rstu ferment\u0101ciju. Ac\u012bmredzot laima sula nom\u0101c ferment\u0101ciju nogalinot bakt\u0113rijas.\\<\/p>\n

Ferment\u0101cija<\/strong>
\nP\u0113c sulas sav\u0101k\u0161anas nekav\u0113joties s\u0101kas ferment\u0101cijas process, jo \u0100frikas un Dienvid\u0101zijas valst\u012bs, kur ir sauss un silts klimats, ir \u012bpa\u0161i labv\u0113l\u012bga vide bakt\u0113riju kolonij\u0101m. Palmu koku sula jeb nekt\u0101rs satur daudz cukura un tas ir labv\u0113l\u012bgs faktors spirta par\u0101d\u012b\u0161anos dz\u0113rien\u0101. Da\u017eos inform\u0101cijas avotos \u0161\u012bs bakt\u0113rijas tiek sauktas par dabisku raugu, jo tie atrodas gais\u0101 un pat sulas sav\u0101c\u0113ja tvertn\u0113s. Starp citu, palmu v\u012bna kvalit\u0101te ir tie\u0161i atkar\u012bga no t\u0101 cik \u0101tri s\u0101kas ferment\u0101cija. Palmu sulas sav\u0101k\u0161anas tvertnes apzin\u0101ti netiek mazg\u0101tas, lai mikroorganismi var\u0113tu veiksm\u012bgi att\u012bst\u012bties un ferment\u0101cijas process s\u0101ktos \u0101tr\u0101k.
\nP\u0113c da\u017e\u0101m stund\u0101m palmu sula ferment\u0101cijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 p\u0101rtop par saldu, maigu atsvaidzino\u0161u v\u012bnu ar alkohola saturu 4 %. Da\u017ereiz ferment\u0101cija ilgst l\u012bdz vienai diennaktij, bet tad v\u012bnam piem\u012bt sk\u0101b\u0101ka, gar\u0161a. Ilg\u0101kas ferment\u0101cijas proces\u0101 v\u012bns p\u0101rtop par eti\u0137i. \u0100frik\u0101 v\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161anai izmanto sudraba palmas (Phoenix sylvestris), palm\u012bras, kariotas (Caryota urens) vai e\u013c\u013cas palmas (Elaeis guineense) sulu, \u0100zij\u0101 \u2013 kokosa palmas. Da\u017eos Indijas re\u0123ionos no palmu sulas ra\u017eo ne tikai v\u012bnu un citus dz\u0113rienus, bet ar\u012b \u012bpa\u0161u br\u016bnu cukuru. \u013boti interesants un neizskaidrojams fakts ir t\u0101ds, ka palmu v\u012bns maina savu stiprumu un l\u012bdz ar to alkohola daudzumu atkar\u012bb\u0101 no diennakts laika \u2013 no r\u012bta tas ir stipr\u0101ks un uz vakara pusi nedaudz v\u0101j\u0101ks.<\/p>\n

Destil\u0101cija<\/strong>
\nPalmu v\u012bnu ar\u012b destil\u0113 lai rad\u012btu stipr\u0101ku dz\u0113rienu ar da\u017e\u0101diem nosaukumiem \u2013 arraks, lauku d\u017eins, lauku viskijs vai \u010daraijams (charayam). Nig\u0113rij\u0101 destil\u0113ts palmu v\u012bns sauc\u0101s \u201eogogoro\u201d, Gan\u0101 \u2013 \u201eburukutu\u201d un Togo \u2013 \u201esodabe\u201d. Destil\u0101cija notiek tvaic\u0113jot ferment\u0113tu palmu v\u012bnu. Destil\u0101cijas iek\u0101rta ir diezgan primit\u012bva. Met\u0101la muca, kura ir novietota uz ugunskura. P\u0101rsvar\u0101 destil\u0101ciju veic tur pat, d\u017eung\u013cos, kur tika sav\u0101kta un ferment\u0113ta palmu koka sula (nekt\u0101rs). Pas\u0101kums ir ne sevi\u0161\u0137i\u00a0 higi\u0113nisks un br\u012b\u017eiem process notiek antisanit\u0101ros apst\u0101k\u013cos, bet par br\u012bnumu no t\u0101 cie\u0161 tikai \u201eciviliz\u0113t\u0101s\u201d pasaules cilv\u0113ki (afrik\u0101\u0146i laikam pie t\u0101 visa ir pieradu\u0161i)<\/p>\n

\"\"Pasnieg\u0161ana un lieto\u0161ana<\/strong>
\nIndij\u0101 palmu v\u012bns tiek pasniegts k\u0101 salds bezalkoholisks dz\u0113riens \u2013 svaiga sula vai ar\u012b \u201ekallu\u201d \u2013 sk\u0101bs dz\u0113riens (ferment\u0113ta sula), bet \u0161is dz\u0113riens nav sevi\u0161\u0137i stiprs. Palmu v\u012bnu parasti lieto uzreiz p\u0113c ferment\u0101cijas (t\u0101tad v\u012bna b\u0113rn\u012bb\u0101), jo ar katru dienu dz\u0113riens k\u013c\u016bst sk\u0101b\u0101ks un sk\u0101b\u0101ks, p\u0101rtopot par eti\u0137i. Piem. Indij\u0101 palmu v\u012bns ir ieg\u0101d\u0101jams alkohola veikalos \u201eKallu Angadi\u201dvai \u201eLiquor Shop\u201d. Atsevi\u0161\u0137os Indijas \u0161tatos palmu v\u012bns ir aizliegts, jo ra\u017eot\u0101ji bie\u017ei vien pievieno metanolu, kas var izrais\u012bt n\u0101vi. T\u0101p\u0113c pa\u0161vald\u012bbas stingri kontrol\u0113 ra\u017eo\u0161anu un palmu v\u012bns k\u013cuvis par eksporta preci “Indian Made Foreign Liquor” (IMFL)
\nSavuk\u0101rt \u0100frik\u0101 palmu v\u012bns tiek izmantots k\u0101 galvenais dz\u0113riens da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s ceremonij\u0101s \u2013 b\u0113r\u0113s, k\u0101z\u0101s, dzim\u0161anas dienas svin\u012bb\u0101s u.c. Bie\u017ei vien palmu v\u012bns tiek lietots k\u0101 medikaments vai ar\u012b tiek jaukts ar medikamentiem \u0101rstnieciskajos nol\u016bkos. Interesanti, ka palmu v\u012bnu \u0100frikas re\u0123ionos dzer ar\u012b sievietes, bet tas nenotiek publiskaj\u0101s viet\u0101s. T\u0101pat, dzer\u0161anas laik\u0101, neliels daudzums palmu v\u012bna tiek izliets uz zemes, k\u0101 goda un cie\u0146as izr\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana sen\u010diem. Palmu v\u012bnu ar\u012b izmanto k\u0101 dab\u012bgu raugu, pievienojot to r\u012bsiem un atst\u0101jot uz nakti. No ieg\u016bt\u0101s vielas (putras) taisa maizi. T\u0101pat no palm\u0101m \u0100frikas valst\u012bs ieg\u016bst e\u013c\u013cu.<\/p>\n

\u201eKlasiskais\u201d palmu v\u012bna pasnieg\u0161anas trauks \u0100frik\u0101 ir sk\u0101rda kr\u016bze, izlejam\u0101 norma \u2013 1 sk\u0101rda kr\u016bze (p\u0113c man\u0101m dom\u0101m) 150 \u2013 200 ml. Bet j\u0101saka, ka palmu v\u012bns ir \u0100frikas nabadz\u012bg\u0101s tautas dz\u0113riens un \u201etre\u0161o\u201d valstu iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji \u012bpa\u0161i nepiev\u0113r\u0161 uzman\u012bbu dz\u0113riena smalkai malko\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

Nobeigums<\/strong>
\nPalmu v\u012bns ir ferment\u0113ts palmu koku nekt\u0101rs\/sula. Dz\u0113riens popul\u0101rs \u0100frikas valst\u012bs, \u0100zij\u0101, Oke\u0101nij\u0101 un Indijas pussal\u0101. Palmu sulu ieg\u016bst no palmu koka ar da\u017e\u0101diem pa\u0146\u0113mieniem, ferment\u0113 to un vajadz\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 destil\u0113, ieg\u016bstot stipr\u0101ku dz\u0113rienu. Ferment\u0113ts dz\u0113riens ir 4 % stiprs du\u013c\u0137ains ar sk\u0101benu gar\u0161u, ir lietojams uzreiz p\u0113c ferment\u0101cijas. V\u012bnu lieto ceremonij\u0101s, svin\u012bb\u0101s un vienk\u0101r\u0161i \u0101rstniec\u012bbas nol\u016bkos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Palmu v\u012bns, da\u017eos inform\u0101cijas avotos tiek d\u0113v\u0113ts par palmu pun\u0161u ir alkoholisks dz\u0113riens, aptuveni ar 4 % spirta, kas ir tais\u012bts no palmu nekt\u0101ra vai sulas. [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8487,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5472,5459,5460],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16834","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-barmenu-skolas-publikacijas","category-dzerieni","category-vini"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16834","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16834"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19036,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16834\/revisions\/19036"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8487"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16834"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16834"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}