{"id":16896,"date":"2019-07-26T08:17:18","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/kokteilu_vesture\/"},"modified":"2019-07-26T08:17:22","modified_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:17:22","slug":"kokteilu_vesture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/?p=16896","title":{"rendered":"Koktei\u013ca v\u0113sture"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arheolo\u0123iskie min\u0113jumi v\u0113sta, ka 7000 gadus pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras Dienvidamerik\u0101 izmantoja \u0137irbi k\u0101 konteineru dz\u0113rienu sajauk\u0161anai. Senaj\u0101 \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113 3500 gadus p.m.\u0113. \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161i zin\u0101ja, ka graudu suslu ir daudz pat\u012bkam\u0101k malkot, ja to sajauc ar da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m gar\u0161viel\u0101m. \u0160\u0101da veida hieroglifiski rakst\u012btas koktei\u013cu receptes arheologi ir atradu\u0161i lielaj\u0101 Heopsa (Cheops) piram\u012bd\u0101. Iesp\u0113jams, ka tie\u0161i \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113 aizs\u0101k\u0101s koktei\u013cu pagatavo\u0161anas m\u0101ksla. Uzskata, ka m\u016bsu \u0113ras otraj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 C\u0113zars Kommodus slav\u0113ja aperit\u012bva kokteili, kur\u0161 bija pagatavots no citronu sulas ar odzes indi.
\nPirmo reizi literat\u016br\u0101 kokteilis tika min\u0113ts 1806. gad\u0101 k\u0101d\u0101 Amerikas \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101. Raksta autors min, ka kokteilis ir alkohols kop\u0101 ar cukuru, \u016bdeni un augli. Rakst\u0101 min\u0113ts,
\nka v\u0101rds \u201ekokteilis\u201d \u0161aj\u0101 period\u0101 nav popul\u0101rs, ta\u010du reti sastopams ir bijis jau agr\u0101k.
\nPirm\u0101 koktei\u013cu gr\u0101mata tika izdota 17. gadsimt\u0101, un taj\u0101 bija iek\u013cautas daudz sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas dz\u0113rienu receptes, kuras bija dom\u0101tas izmanto\u0161anai medic\u012bniskos nol\u016bkos. Gr\u0101matu izdeva k\u0101da Londonas spirta dedzin\u0101tava ar kara\u013ca K\u0101r\u013ca I at\u013cauju.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\n\"\"Pirmo re\u0101lo koktei\u013cu gr\u0101matu 1862. gad\u0101 uzrakst\u012bja D\u017eerijs Tomas<\/p>\n

\"\"
\n(Jerry Thomas) ar nosaukumu \u201eBar-tender’s guide or how to mix drinks\u201d.S\u0101kotn\u0113ji koktei\u013ci bija popul\u0101ri tikai Amerik\u0101. Tos pasniedza sporta sp\u0113\u013cu laik\u0101 , vilcienos un cit\u0101s viet\u0101s. Eirop\u0101 koktei\u013ci popularit\u0101ti ieguva tikai 1920. gados, kad Amerik\u0101 iest\u0101j\u0101s sausais likums (1919-1932).<\/p>\n

V\u0101rda \u201ekokteilis\u201d izcel\u0161an\u0101s 14 versijas<\/strong>
\nPasaul\u0113 past\u0101v vair\u0101ki simti versiju par v\u0101rda \u201ekokteilis\u201d izcel\u0161anos. Jums ir j\u0101izlemj pa\u0161iem, kurai no versij\u0101m tic\u0113t. Visas zem\u0101k min\u0113t\u0101s versijas ir patiesas l\u012bdz br\u012bdim, kad k\u0101ds pier\u0101d\u012bs pret\u0113jo.
\nS\u0101kum\u0101 gribu paskaidrot, ka v\u0101rdu \u201ecocktail\u201d jeb latviski \u201ekokteilis\u201d var at\u0161ifr\u0113t k\u0101 \u201egai\u013ca aste\u201d. \u201eCock\u201d tulkojum\u0101 no ang\u013cu valodas noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201egailis\u201d, savuk\u0101rt v\u0101rds \u201etail\u201d tulkojum\u0101 no ang\u013cu valodas noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201easte\u201d.
\n1. versija.
\nViena no versij\u0101m v\u0113sta, ka Amerikas Neatkar\u012bbas kara laik\u0101, kad franc\u016b\u017ei karoja ar ang\u013ciem, viesu nama \u012bpa\u0161niece Betsi Flanagana kundze, karav\u012bra atraitne, izpat\u012bkot saviem klientiem, Lafeitta franc\u016b\u017eu oficieriem no Va\u0161ingtonas armijas, nozagusi kaimi\u0146a, konkurenta ang\u013ca, tur\u0113to gaili, izcepusi un pasniegusi franc\u016b\u017eiem. Dz\u0113riena gl\u0101zes vi\u0146a dekor\u0113jusi ar izpl\u016bktaj\u0101m gai\u013ca spalv\u0101m. Franc\u016b\u017ei, savuk\u0101rt, par \u0161o mazo Betsi uzvaru gavil\u0113ju\u0161i, izsaucot: \u201e’vive le cocktail\u201d<\/p>\n

2. versija.
\nCita versija v\u0113sta, ka tie\u0161i taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 k\u0101dam amerik\u0101\u0146u viesu nama \u012bpa\u0161niekam pieder\u0113jis popul\u0101rs un varens c\u012b\u0146u gailis v\u0101rd\u0101 Va\u0161ingtons. K\u0101d\u0101 saulain\u0101 dien\u0101 gailis mistiski pazudis. Saimnieks, skumju m\u0101kts, izsludin\u0101jis atl\u012bdz\u012bbu un savu meitu Bessi par sievu tam, kur\u0161 atgriez\u012bs vi\u0146am gaili. Lai cik d\u012bvaini tas neb\u016btu, gaili dr\u012bzum\u0101 atgriezis meitas piel\u016bdz\u0113js, kuru iepriek\u0161 saimnieks bija noraid\u012bjis. Gai\u013ca \u012bpa\u0161nieks caur milz\u012bg\u0101m dusm\u0101m tom\u0113r tur\u0113jis doto v\u0101rdu un sar\u012bkojis laim\u012bgajam p\u0101rim varenas k\u0101zas. Bessi bijusi saj\u016bsm\u0101 un strebekli, ar kuru cien\u0101ja viesus, nosauca par \u201ecock tails\u201d par godu svin\u012bbu iemeslam- gailim.<\/p>\n

3. versija.
\nAmerik\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161iem Eiropas emigrantiem un avant\u016bristiem \u013coti popul\u0101ra bija bu\u013c\u013cu \u0137er\u0161ana ar laso, j\u0101\u0161ana un \u0161au\u0161ana, k\u0101 ar\u012b citas sporta sp\u0113les. Ta\u010du ne maz\u0101k popul\u0101ras bija ar\u012b gai\u013cu c\u012b\u0146as. Pa\u0161iem gai\u013ciem bar\u012bb\u0101 tika iemais\u012bts alkohols, kas uzlaboja c\u012b\u0146as garu. Katram gai\u013ca \u012bpa\u0161niekam bija sava individu\u0101la, slepena recepte. Iesp\u0113jams, ka tie\u0161i \u0161\u012bs receptes s\u0101ka saukt par gai\u013cu ast\u0113m jeb angliski cocktail.<\/p>\n

4. versija.
\nIr zin\u0101ms, ka p\u0113c gai\u013cu c\u012b\u0146as uzvar\u0113ju\u0161\u0101 gai\u013ca saimnieks miru\u0161ajam gailim nogrieza asti un uzsauca tostu: \u201eLet us have a drink on the cock’s tail\u201d, kas latviski var\u0113tu skan\u0113t \u0161\u0101di: \u201eIedzersim par \u0161o gai\u013ca asti\u201d.<\/p>\n

5. versija.
\nAr\u012b cilv\u0113ki pirms kulaku c\u012b\u0146as m\u0113dza lietot drosmes dziru, kuru d\u0113v\u0113ja par \u201ecockpride\u201d. Daudzi speci\u0101listi uzskata, ka tie\u0161i \u0161ie dz\u0113rienu sajukumi bija v\u0101rda \u201ekokteilis\u201d ra\u0161an\u0101s iemesls, jo taj\u0101 laik\u0101 bija popul\u0101rs izteiciens: \u201eThe cocktail blows him to a man\u201d kas tulkojum\u0101 var\u0113tu skan\u0113t \u0161\u0101di: \u201e Kokteilis padara par v\u012bru\u201d.<\/p>\n

6. versija.
\nLielbrit\u0101nijas j\u016brniekiem uzturoties Meksikas l\u012b\u010da krastos, tie baud\u012bja viet\u0113jo pun\u0161u, kuru d\u0113v\u0113ja par draku (dracs). Dz\u0113rienu m\u0113dza mais\u012bt ar speci\u0101l\u0101m, noteiktas formas, izliekt\u0101m koka karot\u0113m. Karotes viet\u0113jie iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji sauca par \u201ecola de gallo\u201d, kas tulkojum\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201egai\u013ca aste\u201d. V\u0113l\u0101k j\u016brnieki nosaukumu pied\u0113v\u0113ja pa\u0161am dz\u0113rienam.<\/p>\n

7. versija.
\nMeksik\u0101 amerik\u0101\u0146i karoja ar dienvidu cilt\u012bm. Apm\u0113ram 1800. gad\u0101 Amerik\u0101\u0146u \u0123ener\u0101lis bija ieradies pie viet\u0113j\u0101 kara\u013ca Aksolota VIII, lai nosl\u0113gtu miera l\u012bgumu. Uzturoties kara\u013ca telt\u012b, ab\u0101m konflikt\u0113jo\u0161aj\u0101m pus\u0113m bija pie\u0146emts iedzert izl\u012bguma dz\u0113rienu. Telt\u012b ien\u0101ca skaista sieviete, rok\u0101s turot zelta kausu, rot\u0101tu ar d\u0101rgakme\u0146iem un pild\u012btu ar d\u012bvainu dziru, kuru pagatavoja vi\u0146a pati. Konflikt\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s puses samulsa br\u012bd\u012b, kad vienam no vi\u0146iem pirmajam vajadz\u0113ja iedzert dz\u0113rienu. \u0122ener\u0101lim bija bail, ta\u010du karalim dzert pirmajam bija aizvainojo\u0161i. Situ\u0101ciju izgl\u0101ba iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101 jaunava. Vi\u0146a, paklanoties abiem kara vado\u0146iem, dz\u0113rienu iemalkoja pirm\u0101. Miers bija nosl\u0113gts.
\n\u201eKas ir \u0161\u012b jaunava?\u201d jaut\u0101ja \u0123ener\u0101lis. \u201eT\u0101 ir mana meita v\u0101rd\u0101 Coctel,\u201d atbild\u0113ja karalis. \u0122ener\u0101lis piec\u0113l\u0101s, paklan\u012bj\u0101s karalim un nosol\u012bja, ka jaunavas v\u0101rdu cilv\u0113ki zin\u0101s vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

8. versija.
\nAr\u012b \u0161is romantiskais st\u0101sts ir par Meksiku un amerik\u0101\u0146u j\u016bras admir\u0101\u013ciem, kas bie\u017ei ciemoju\u0161ies pie viet\u0113j\u0101 cilts vado\u0146a. Vadonim bija br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bga meita v\u0101rd\u0101 Ks-oktl (X-octl), kura amerik\u0101\u0146us cien\u0101ja ar saldu dziru. Lai pagodin\u0101tu skaisto sievieti, j\u016brnieki dz\u0113rienu nosauca l\u012bdz\u012bgi vi\u0146as v\u0101rdam.<\/p>\n

9. versija.
\nAmerikas piest\u0101tn\u0113 k\u0101d\u0101 b\u0101r\u0101 bija izvietots liels konteineris gai\u013ca izskat\u0101. \u0160aj\u0101 rezervu\u0101r\u0101 l\u0113ja bag\u0101to \u013cau\u017eu dz\u0113rienu atlikumus un p\u0113c tam dziru var\u0113ja ieg\u0101d\u0101ties nabadz\u012bgie cilv\u0113ki pa l\u0113tu naudu. Likumsakar\u012bgi, ka dz\u0113rienu nosauca par gai\u013ca asti jeb Cock-tail.<\/p>\n

10. versija.
\nVecaj\u0101 Rom\u0101 bija k\u0101ds dakteris v\u0101rd\u0101 Klaudius, kur\u0161 m\u0113dza pagatavot mikst\u016bru, sajaucot ogu v\u012bnu (og wine) kop\u0101 ar citrona sulu un kalt\u0113t\u0101m z\u0101l\u012bt\u0113m. Dz\u0113rienu vi\u0146\u0161 d\u0113v\u0113ja par \u201ecockwine\u201d. Imperators Lucius Aurelius, kur\u0161 vald\u012bja no 180. l\u012bdz 192. gadam un bija paz\u012bstam k\u0101 izcils dz\u0113rienu eksperts, daktera dziru uzskat\u012bja par lielisku aperit\u012bvu.<\/p>\n

11. versija.
\n18.gadsimt\u0101 Anglij\u0101 bija \u013coti popul\u0101ri gai\u013cu c\u012b\u0146u laik\u0101 baud\u012bt t\u0101 saucamo gai\u013cu aulu (cock-ale). Gai\u013ciem, sav\u0101 starp\u0101 c\u012bnoties, tika pamat\u012bgi izpl\u016bk\u0101tas astes. Vald\u012bja uzskats, ka tosts par uzvar\u0113t\u0101jgaili ir j\u0101pace\u013c ar dz\u0113rienu, kur\u0161 sajaukts ar tik komponentiem, cik gailim ast\u0113 ir paliku\u0161as spalvas. Likumsakar\u012bgi, ka jauktajiem dz\u0113rieniem s\u0101ka izmantot nosaukumu \u201ecocktail\u201d jeb latviski \u201egai\u013ca aste\u201d.<\/p>\n

12. versija.
\nDaudzus gadsimtus Francij\u0101, Bordo re\u0123ion\u0101, v\u012bna pun\u0161us m\u0113dza d\u0113v\u0113t par \u201ecoqetel\u201d. Varb\u016bt tie\u0161i \u0161\u012b v\u0101rda ietekm\u0113 rad\u0101s v\u0101rds \u201ecocktail\u201d, kas latviski noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201ekokteilis\u201d.<\/p>\n

13. versija.
\nAmerik\u0101, Jaunorle\u0101n\u0101, lai palielin\u0101tu dz\u012bves stimulu, k\u0101ds izgl\u012btots franc\u016b\u017eu dakteris m\u0113dza saviem amerik\u0101\u0146u viesiem pasniegt dz\u0113rienu ar olu, kuru vi\u0146\u0161 d\u0113v\u0113ja par \u201eolas kausu\u201d jeb franciski \u201ecoquetier\u201d. Amerik\u0101\u0146i nevar\u0113ja izrun\u0101t \u0161o fran\u010du v\u0101rdu, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146i dz\u0113rienu s\u0101ka d\u0113v\u0113t vienk\u0101r\u0161i par \u201ecock tails\u201d.<\/p>\n

14. versija.
\nAnglijas pils\u0113ta Jork\u0161\u012bra agr\u0101k bija \u013coti popul\u0101ra t\u012bro, izcilo zirgu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u selekciju d\u0113\u013c. Zirgiem p\u0101rojoties, sapin\u0101s astes, un t\u0101p\u0113c zirgus, kurus vajadz\u0113ja p\u0101rot, s\u0101ka saukt par \u201ecocktailed\u201d. Varb\u016bt tie\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c savienotiem dz\u0113rieniem par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s nosaukums, kuru d\u0113v\u0113 par \u201ekokteili\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arheolo\u0123iskie min\u0113jumi v\u0113sta, ka 7000 gadus pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras Dienvidamerik\u0101 izmantoja \u0137irbi k\u0101 konteineru dz\u0113rienu sajauk\u0161anai. Senaj\u0101 \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113 3500 gadus p.m.\u0113. \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161i zin\u0101ja, ka graudu suslu [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11214,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5472,5463],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-barmenu-skolas-publikacijas","category-virtuala-barmenu-skola"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16896"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16896\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19098,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16896\/revisions\/19098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16896"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16896"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}