{"id":16959,"date":"2019-07-26T08:19:30","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:19:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/port\/"},"modified":"2019-10-14T09:55:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T06:55:43","slug":"port","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/?p=16959","title":{"rendered":"Portv\u012bns"},"content":{"rendered":"

Portv\u012bns ir stiprin\u0101ts v\u012bns ar alkohola saturu no 18 – 20%, sarkan\u0101, gai\u0161\u0101 un s\u0101rt\u0101 kr\u0101s\u0101, kur\u0161 tiek iztur\u0113ts ozolkoka muc\u0101s, bet izcil\u0101kie portv\u012bni liel\u0101ko da\u013cu laika tiek nobriedin\u0101ti pudel\u0113s.<\/p>\n

Portug\u0101les v\u012bna v\u0113sture<\/strong>
\nPasaul\u0113 visvair\u0101k paz\u012bstamie v\u012bni no Portug\u0101les ir madeira un portv\u012bns. \u0160ie divi elegantie deserta v\u012bni eksist\u0113 jau daudzus simtus gadus. V\u012bnogul\u0101jus Portug\u0101l\u0113 s\u0101ka audz\u0113t Feni\u0137ie\u0161i 600 gadus p.m.\u0113.. Kad 219. gad\u0101 p.m.\u0113. Portug\u0101l\u0113 iebruka romie\u0161i, v\u012bnogul\u0101ji jau auga piln\u0101 spar\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c \u0161is re\u0123ions k\u013cuva par Romas imp\u0113rijas centr\u0101lo v\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161anas re\u0123ionu. Da\u017ei zin\u0101tnieki apgalvo, ka v\u0113l joproj\u0101m ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s v\u012bnogu plant\u0101cijas, kuru vecums ir apm\u0113ram 2500 gadu. Romie\u0161i portug\u0101\u013cu v\u012bnus populariz\u0113ja pa visu savu imp\u0113riju. Viduslaikos Portug\u0101le nostiprin\u0101j\u0101s k\u0101 individu\u0101la valsts, kas vienlaic\u012bgi k\u013cuva par sp\u0113c\u012bgu v\u012bna eksport\u0113t\u0101j valsti. Portug\u0101\u013ci bija izcili t\u0101 laika j\u016bras ku\u0123ot\u0101ji un jaunu zemju atkl\u0101j\u0113ji, portug\u0101\u013cu v\u012bns \u0101tri k\u013cuva paz\u012bstams vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Pirmie, kas nov\u0113rt\u0113ja portug\u0101\u013cu augsto v\u012bna kvalit\u0101ti bija ang\u013ci. Noguru\u0161i no past\u0101v\u012bg\u0101m nesaska\u0146\u0101m ar fran\u010diem, ang\u013ci v\u0113rs\u0101s pie portug\u0101\u013ciem ar l\u016bgumu eksport\u0113t savus v\u012bnus uz Angliju. Pateicoties anglim, \u010c\u0101rlzam II un vi\u0146a dz\u012bves biedrenei Portug\u0101les princesei Katr\u012bnai Bragansai, abu valstu starp\u0101 tika nodibin\u0101tas cie\u0161as ekonomiskas saites. Tik cik popul\u0101ri ir portug\u0101\u013cu v\u012bni pasaul\u0113, tik r\u016bp\u012bgi portug\u0101\u013ci glab\u0101 v\u012bna gatavo\u0161anas nosl\u0113pumus. Lai nobaud\u012btu \u012bstus portug\u0101\u013cu v\u012bna \u0161edevrus, diem\u017e\u0113l ir j\u0101dodas uz Portug\u0101li. Portv\u012bna v\u0113sture s\u0101kas ar br\u012bdi, kad 1667. gad\u0101 Anglijas karalis v\u0113l\u0113damies ieriebt Francijas karalim Ludvigam XIV, aizliedza v\u012bna importu no Francijas. T\u0101 k\u0101 ang\u013ci bija izsl\u0101pu\u0161i p\u0113c v\u012bna, tie s\u0101ka mekl\u0113t jaunus pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jus un galu gal\u0101 tos atrada Portug\u0101l\u0113. Ang\u013ci bija p\u0101rsteigti nobaudot saldi-stipro Porto. 1703. gad\u0101 ang\u013ci nosl\u0113dza sadarb\u012bbas l\u012bgumu ar Portug\u0101li, k\u0101 barteru par v\u012bniem, pied\u0101v\u0101jot savu vilnu. Portug\u0101\u013cu stunda bija situsi. Laika gait\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bj\u0101s vesels re\u0123ions, kura centr\u0101l\u0101 pils\u0113ta bija un ir Porto. Pateicoties \u0161ai pils\u0113tai, v\u012bnam tika dots nosaukums. S\u0101kot ar XVIII gadsimtu portv\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161ana uzplauka l\u012bdz milz\u012bgiem apgriezieniem. Par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s pirmie viltojumi. Lai saglab\u0101tu portv\u012bna labo slavu, Portug\u0101les karalis 1756. gad\u0101 izdeva pav\u0113li, kura noteica robe\u017eas Douro ielejai. \u0160\u012b ir vien\u012bg\u0101 vieta Portug\u0101l\u0113, kur\u0101 var tikt audz\u0113tas v\u012bnogas portv\u012bna gatavo\u0161anai. Pati ieleja ir tikai 100 km gara un plat\u0101kaj\u0101 viet\u0101 tikai 25 km plata. T\u0101 atrodas 120 km no Sp\u0101nijas robe\u017eas un 80 km no Porto pils\u0113tas.<\/p>\n

Klimatiskie apst\u0101k\u013ci<\/strong>
\nMilz\u012bga ietekme uz v\u012bna stilu ir ne tikai ra\u017eo\u0161anas nians\u0113m, bet ar\u012b augsnei un klimatiskajiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem. Douro ieleja ir atdal\u012bta no oke\u0101na ar Marao kalnu gr\u0113du, kas aizsarg\u0101 re\u0123ionu no Atlantijas mitrajiem v\u0113jiem. Vasaras \u0161eit ir \u013coti karstas (+40\u00b0\u0421), bet ziemas bargas. V\u012bnogas tiek audz\u0113tas kalnos, galvu reibino\u0161os augstumos, klint\u012bs izcirst\u0101s teras\u0113s, kuras tiek veidotas vair\u0101k\u0101s paaudz\u0113s viena virs otras, glu\u017ei k\u0101 piram\u012bdas.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Da\u017ek\u0101rt, lai izveidotu jaunas terases, n\u0101kas spridzin\u0101t klintis. V\u012bnogul\u0101ji, \u016bdens mekl\u0113jumos, izlai\u017e saknes pat 20 m garum\u0101. Re\u0123ion\u0101 tiek audz\u0113t\u0101s apm\u0113ram 90 v\u012bnogu \u0161\u0137irnes, ta\u010du p\u0101rsvar\u0101, lai rad\u012btu tum\u0161u portv\u012bnu izmanto Tinta Amarela, Tinta Cao, Tinta Barroca, Touriga Francesa, Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, bet, lai rad\u012btu gai\u0161u portv\u012bnu izmanto Esgana Cao, Folgasao, Verdelho, Malvasia Fina , Rabigato un Viosinho v\u012bnogu \u0161\u0137irnes. Katrai v\u012bnogu terasei ir pie\u0161\u0137irta sava ba\u013c\u013cu sist\u0113ma, kura raksturo terases kvalit\u0101ti. Jo augst\u0101k kalnos atrodas terase, jo zem\u0101kas kvalit\u0101tes t\u0101 ir. Past\u0101v ar\u012b citi krit\u0113riji, p\u0113c kuriem tiek v\u0113rt\u0113ta terase.<\/p>\n

Portv\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161ana<\/strong>
\nRa\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161ana parasti notiek septembra beig\u0101s l\u012bdz oktobra vidum. Tradicion\u0101li v\u012bnogas lasa sievietes, bet v\u012brie\u0161i spie\u017e sulu m\u012bcot ogas ar k\u0101j\u0101m speci\u0101l\u0101s vann\u0101s viet\u0113j\u0101 or\u0137estra pavad\u012bb\u0101. Kaut ar\u012b past\u0101v modernas, autom\u0101tiskas preses, portug\u0101\u013ci dod priek\u0161roku cilv\u0113ka darbam, jo uzskata, ka tikai cilv\u0113ks var piesardz\u012bgi r\u012bkoties radot \u0161o izcilo dz\u0113rienu. Sam\u012bc\u012btais v\u012bnogu biezenis apm\u0113ram 36 stundas atp\u016b\u0161as, bet p\u0113c tam \u013cauti\u0146i atkal m\u012bc\u0101s pa v\u012bnog\u0101m. Izspiest\u0101 sula tiek p\u0101rlieta koka muc\u0101s. Kad r\u016bg\u0161anas process norit piln\u0101 spar\u0101, portug\u0101\u013ci v\u012bnam pievieno v\u012bnogu spirtu, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 ferment\u0101cija tiek p\u0101rtraukta. V\u012bnogu spirts ar alkohola saturu 77% tiek ra\u017eots Portug\u0101l\u0113, zem stingras valsts kontroles. “I.V.\u0420.” ir instit\u016bts, kas seko \u0161\u012b spirta kvalit\u0101tei. V\u012bnogu spirts portv\u012bnam tiek pievienots tik daudz, lai portv\u012bns sasniegtu 20% alkohola saturu. Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca portv\u012bna tiek ferment\u0113ta Douro upes aug\u0161pus\u0113, bet p\u0113c 12 \u2013 16 m\u0113ne\u0161iem, v\u012bns tiek transport\u0113ts lejup pa upi uz daudz v\u0113s\u0101ku re\u0123ionu, Oporto apgabalu, kur tas pavada atliku\u0161o laiku l\u012bdz p\u0101rdo\u0161anai. Mucas, kur\u0101s iztur portv\u012bnu ir ar 550 l lielu tilpumu un parasti kalpo 40 gadus. Da\u017ek\u0101rt mucas p\u0113c portv\u012bna iztur\u0113\u0161anas tiek atdotas skotiem, viskija ra\u017eo\u0161anai. Past\u0101v ar\u012b 141 t\u016bksto\u0161u litru lieli toveri, kuri kalpo portv\u012bna iztur\u0113\u0161anai 70 gadus, bet p\u0113c tam tiek izmesti. Mucu ra\u017eo\u0161anai tiek izmantoti Francij\u0101 un Amerik\u0101 audz\u0113ti ozoli.
\nIzturot jaunus portv\u012bnus ilg\u0101ku laiku tie zaud\u0113 savu svaigo aug\u013cu arom\u0101tu un k\u013c\u016bst sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ki, par\u0101d\u0101s karameles un vani\u013cas nians\u012btes. Ar laiku sarkan\u0101 kr\u0101sa k\u013c\u016bst par gai\u0161i br\u016bnu. P\u0113c 2 gadiem (katrai komp\u0101nijai \u0161is periods var at\u0161\u0137irties atkar\u012bb\u0101 no v\u0113lam\u0101 portv\u012bna veida) degustatori uzs\u0101k \u013coti sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu proced\u016bru, da\u017e\u0101da vecuma v\u012bnu sajauk\u0161anu. Pa\u0161i d\u0101rg\u0101kie portv\u012bni \u201eVintage\u201d netiek kupa\u017e\u0113ti. N\u0101ko\u0161\u0101 stadija ir v\u012bnu pild\u012b\u0161ana pudel\u0113s un t\u0101l\u0101ka iztur\u0113\u0161ana. Pudeles tiek glab\u0101tas tum\u0161os pagrabos. T\u0101s netiek aiztiktas l\u012bdz p\u0101rdo\u0161anas br\u012bdim, pat vair\u0101kus desmitus gadus. Liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013ca v\u012bna pagrabu gr\u012bdas tiek nob\u0113rtas ar rupj\u0101m smilt\u012bm vai o\u013ciem, kas pal\u012bdz saglab\u0101t v\u0113sumu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Portv\u012bna veidi<\/strong>
\nVintage Port \u2013 izcil\u0101kais, visret\u0101k sastopamais portv\u012bns, kur\u0161 rad\u012bts izmantojot tikai vienu v\u012bnogu ra\u017eu un iztur\u0113ts 2 gadus muc\u0101s un vismaz 10 gadus pudel\u0113s. Lai v\u012bns ieg\u016btu \u0161o nosaukumu, v\u012bnog\u0101m ir j\u0101b\u016bt no labv\u0113l\u012bga ra\u017eas gada, bet ar to vien nepietiek. Papildus v\u012bns tiek pak\u013cauts stingrai valsts kontrolei. Uz eti\u0137etes ir uzraksts \u201eSelo de Garantia\u201d(kvalit\u0101te garant\u0113ta). Parasti v\u012bni tiek iztur\u0113ti ilgsto\u0161i, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 pudel\u0113 par\u0101d\u0101s nos\u0113dumi. Tos d\u0113v\u0113 par \u201ecrust\u201d. Katrai ori\u0123in\u0101lai pudelei zem kor\u0137a folija ir \u012bpa\u0161a bandrole, kur\u0101 min\u0113ts ra\u017eot\u0101jfirmas nosaukums un iest\u0101des nosaukums, kura (vald\u012bbas l\u012bmen\u012b) garant\u0113 v\u012bna kvalit\u0101ti (Instituto do Vinho do Porto). Uzskata, ka savu izcilo briedumu Vintage portv\u012bni sasniedz p\u0113c 60 gadiem. Par labv\u0113l\u012bgiem ra\u017eas gadiem tika atdz\u012bti: 2007, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1992, 1991, 1985, 1977, 1970, 1963, 1955, 1948, 1945, 1935, 1931, 1927.
\n*Atceries, liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca vintage port ir p\u0101rdotas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Crusted port (portv\u012bns ar nos\u0113dumiem) \u2013 rad\u012bts izmantojot maz\u0101k v\u0113rt\u012bgu ra\u017eas gadu. Apm\u0113ram 3 gadus v\u012bns tiek iztur\u0113ts muc\u0101s, bet p\u0113c tam pudel\u0113s, rezult\u0101t\u0101 par\u0101d\u0101s labv\u0113l\u012bgie nos\u0113dumi. V\u012bns ir gatavs baud\u012b\u0161anai daudz \u0101tr\u0101k nek\u0101 vintage port, da\u017ek\u0101rt p\u0113c 3 gadu iztur\u0113\u0161ana pudel\u0113s.
\nLate Bottled Vintage (L.T.V.) \u2013 t\u0101pat, k\u0101 klasiskais vintage port ar\u012b \u0161is veids ir no viena ra\u017eas gada v\u012bnog\u0101m. Ja klasiskais vintage port nobriest tikai 2 gadus, tad L.T.V. portv\u012bns tiek iztur\u0113ts koka muc\u0101s 4 – 10 gadus, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 tas ir baud\u0101ms praktiski uzreiz p\u0113c izlie\u0161anas pudel\u0113s. Pats nosaukums tulkojum\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201eV\u0113l\u0101k pild\u012bts pudel\u0113s\u201d. L.T.V. portv\u012bnam nepiem\u012bt izsmalcin\u0101t\u0101 klasisk\u0101 vintage gar\u0161as bu\u0137ete, tas ir \u013coti kvalitat\u012bvs ar bag\u0101t\u012bgu aug\u013cu gar\u0161u. V\u012bns lieliski harmon\u0113 ar siera \u0113dieniem.
\nK\u0101 jau min\u0113ju iepriek\u0161, portv\u012bns, atkar\u012bb\u0101 no iztur\u0113\u0161anas ilguma, maina savu kr\u0101su. Past\u0101v portv\u012bna klasifik\u0101cija, kura ir atkar\u012bga no v\u012bna kr\u0101sas.
\nPortv\u012bna kr\u0101sa<\/strong>
\nFull \u2013 jauns v\u012bns, kuram piem\u012bt tum\u0161i sarkana kr\u0101sa.
\nRuby\u2013 jauns v\u012bns, kur\u0161 rad\u012bts sajaucot da\u017e\u0101du ra\u017eu v\u012bnu. Portv\u012bnam nobriestot koka muc\u0101s 3 gadus, tas ieg\u016bst rub\u012bna toni. Ruby nav paredz\u0113ts ilgsto\u0161ai uzglab\u0101\u0161anai, jo zaud\u0113 savas lielisk\u0101 rakstura \u012bpatn\u012bbas.
\nTawny (gai\u0161i br\u016bns) \u2013 v\u012bnu izturot muc\u0101 ilg\u0101k par 10 gadiem, rub\u012bna kr\u0101sas portv\u012bns p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161as par zelt\u012btas kr\u0101sas portv\u012bnu. Ja vintage portv\u012bns tiek aizsarg\u0101ts no gaisa piek\u013c\u016b\u0161anas, jo tiek iztur\u0113ts pudel\u0113s, tad Tawny portv\u012bns tie\u0161i otr\u0101di ir saskar\u0113 ar gaisu, kas v\u012bnam piek\u013c\u016bst caur koka mucas por\u0101m. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 Tawny portv\u012bns zaud\u0113 jauna v\u012bna raksturu un pie\u0146em bag\u0101t\u012bgu gammu, izsmalcin\u0101tu arom\u0101tu, kas l\u012bdzin\u0101s zemesriekstiem un gataviem aug\u013ciem. V\u012bns ir lielisks k\u0101 di\u0123est\u012bvs kop\u0101 ar kafiju un \u0161okol\u0101di.
\nTawny port very old vai Aged Tawny \u2013 iztur\u0113ts ozolkoka muc\u0101s no 20 \u2013 40 gadiem. \u013boti reti sastopams un d\u0101rgs v\u012bns, kur\u0161 ir pild\u012bts ori\u0123in\u0101la dizaina pudel\u0113s.
\nColheita porto \u2013 \u0161\u0101di d\u0113v\u0113 tawny v\u012bnus, kuri ir rad\u012bti izmantojot tikai vienu ra\u017eas gadu un ir iztur\u0113ti ozolkoka muc\u0101s vismaz 7 gadus, ta\u010du ne ilg\u0101k par 50 gadiem. Sam\u0113r\u0101 reti v\u012bni, kuri kop\u0113j\u0101 portv\u012bna kl\u0101st\u0101 ir tikai 1%.
\nGarrafeira porto \u2013 \u013coti reti sastopams portv\u012bna veids, kur\u0161 rad\u012bs izmantojot vienas ra\u017eas v\u012bnu, iztur\u0113ts muc\u0101s un p\u0113c tam pudel\u0113. \u0160is portv\u012bns ir kaut kas vid\u0113js starp Vintage un Colheita v\u012bnu. Tam piem\u012bt delik\u0101ts riekstu un nobriedu\u0161u aug\u013cu arom\u0101ts.
\nPast\u0101v ar\u012b balti portv\u012bni, no saldas l\u012bdz \u013coti sausai gar\u0161ai. Atkar\u012bb\u0101 no iztur\u0113\u0161anas ilguma v\u012bni tiek iedal\u012bti:
\nPale White – gai\u0161i balts. V\u012bns ir sam\u0113r\u0101 sauss, lielisks k\u0101 aperit\u012bvs.
\nStraw Coloured – maigi dzeltens.
\nGloden White – zelt\u012bti balts.
\nVadoties saska\u0146\u0101 ar Portug\u0101les likumiem, uz portv\u012bna pudeles var tikt nor\u0101d\u012bti tikai sekojo\u0161i v\u012bna vecumi. 10, 20, 30 un \u201evair\u0101k par 40\u201d.<\/p>\n

Portv\u012bna serv\u0113\u0161anas nianses<\/strong>
\nPortv\u012bnu uzglab\u0101 pie temperat\u016bras + 18 \u00b0\u0421 un pasniedz maz\u0101 stiprin\u0101ta v\u012bna gl\u0101z\u0113. Visus portv\u012bna veidus pasniedz k\u0101 di\u0123est\u012bvus, vien\u012bgi baltu, sausu portv\u012bnu var pasniegt k\u0101 aperit\u012bvu. Pirms portv\u012bna lieto\u0161anas \u013caujiet tam nedaudz past\u0101v\u0113t, atp\u016bsties ar atv\u0113rtu kor\u0137i. Vintage Port pirms lieto\u0161anas \u013caujiet atp\u016bsties vai veiciet v\u012bna aer\u0101ciju. Nos\u0113dumi, kas atrodas pudel\u0113 ir labv\u0113l\u012bgs faktors, ta\u010du gl\u0101z\u0113 liet tos nevajag. Uzman\u012bgi un l\u0113ni virs svec\u012btes vai cita gaismas avota p\u0101rlejiet v\u012bnu karaf\u0113 (dekanter\u012b),\u00a0 bet nos\u0113dumi, lai paliek pudel\u0113 (veic v\u012bna dekant\u0113\u0161anu). Ja ir v\u0113l\u0113\u0161an\u0101s varat izk\u0101st v\u012bnu, ta\u010du nedariet to caur pap\u012bra filtru. Pap\u012bra filtrs var saboj\u0101t unik\u0101lo\u00a0 gar\u0161u. Lai atv\u0113rtu \u012bpa\u0161i iztur\u0113tu portv\u012bnu, kuram kor\u0137is ir iecukurojies, jums b\u016bs nepiecie\u0161amas speci\u0101las stangas. Sakars\u0113jiet virs sve\u010du liesmas, l\u012bdz t\u0101s k\u013c\u016bst s\u0101rtas un ap\u0137eriet pudeles kakli\u0146u viet\u0101 kur s\u0101kas kor\u0137is. Paturiet apm\u0113ram 2\u00a0 min\u016btes. P\u0113c tam pa\u0146emiet mitru lupati\u0146u un atdzes\u0113jiet stiklu. Strauji mainoties temperat\u016brai, stikls izplet\u012bsies un viegli nopl\u012bs\u012bs ar visu kor\u0137i. Veiciet v\u012bna p\u0101rlie\u0161anu v\u012bna karaf\u0113.<\/span><\/p>\n