{"id":17137,"date":"2019-07-26T08:23:03","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/kafijas-vesture\/"},"modified":"2019-07-26T08:23:03","modified_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:23:03","slug":"kafijas-vesture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/?p=17137","title":{"rendered":"Kafijas v\u0113sture, audz\u0113\u0161ana un re\u0123ioni"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par kafijas izplat\u012b\u0161anos no Austrum-\u0100frikas caur Eiropu l\u012bdz pat Braz\u012blijai kl\u012bst daudz le\u0123endu, teiku un nost\u0101stu.<\/p>\n

Uzskata, ka\u00a0kafijas stimul\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s \u012bpatn\u012bbas atkl\u0101ja Etiopij\u0101. S\u0101kum\u0101 kafijas ogas tika \u0113stas veselas k\u0101 ar\u012b t\u0101s sasmalcin\u0101ja un sajauca ar dz\u012bvnieku taukiem, tad sav\u0113la bumbi\u0146\u0101s un lietoja p\u0101rtik\u0101. V\u0113l\u0101k ogas tika aplietas ar \u016bdeni. Kad tirgot\u0101ji kafiju bija ievedu\u0161i Ar\u0101bij\u0101, pare\u0123is Muhameds dz\u0113ra v\u012bnu, kas bija gatavots no kafijas m\u012bkst\u0101s masas. Ir zin\u0101ms, ka kafijas koks pasaul\u0113 bija krietni agr\u0101k par cilv\u0113ku un t\u0101 dzimtene ir Etiopijas plakankalne Austrum-\u0101frik\u0101.<\/p>\n

13.gs. kafija non\u0101ca Sarkan\u0101s j\u016bras otr\u0101 krast\u0101, un tad ar\u012b s\u0101k\u0101s t\u0101s uzvaras g\u0101jiens pa visu pasauli. Par sp\u012bti ar\u0101bu centieniem kontrol\u0113t kafijas pieg\u0101di, sv\u0113tce\u013cnieki paman\u012bj\u0101s p\u0101rnest p\u0101ri robe\u017e\u0101m lielus daudzumus za\u013co kafijas pupi\u0146u. Kafiju dr\u012bz s\u0101ka audz\u0113t Mekas un Medinas apkaim\u0113, un l\u012bdz 15.gs. t\u0101s kultiv\u0113\u0161ana bija izplat\u012bjusies l\u012bdz Persijai, \u0112\u0123iptei, Turcijai un Zieme\u013c\u0101frikai.\u00a01554.g. Konstantinopol\u0113 tika atv\u0113rts pirmais kafijas nams.<\/p>\n

Kafijas audz\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong>
\nKafija aug starp 25 gr\u0101diem zieme\u013cu platum\u0101 un 30 gr\u0101diem dienvidu platum\u0101 no ekvatora, kur ir bag\u0101t\u012bgas lietusg\u0101zes un vid\u0113j\u0101 gaisa temperat\u016bra no +19 l\u012bdz +24 celsija gr\u0101diem. Viside\u0101l\u0101kie apst\u0101k\u013ci ir \u0100zijas un \u0100frikas subtropos un tropos. Bot\u0101ni\u0137i paz\u012bst ap 80 da\u017e\u0101du kafijas koku un k\u016bmu veidu. Kafijas kokus pavairo ar s\u0113kl\u0101m un spraude\u0146iem. S\u0113\u0161an\u0101 izmanto vesel\u012bgas, d\u012bgtsp\u0113j\u012bgas pupi\u0146as no kafija kokiem. 5 – 6 ned\u0113\u013cas j\u0101gaida l\u012bdz uzd\u012bgst. Tikai p\u0113c pusgada tie ir 30 \u2013 50 cm lieli un tad, parasti s\u0101koties lietav\u0101m, st\u0101di\u0146i tiek p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012bti plant\u0101cij\u0101s 2 l\u012bdz 4 metrus att\u0101luma viens no otra. Lai rad\u012btu lab\u0101ku mikroklimatu, starp kafijas koci\u0146iem st\u0101da ban\u0101nu cerus, kukur\u016bzu un ak\u0101cijas. Tie aizsarg\u0101 kafijas st\u0101dus no v\u0113ja un saules. V\u0113l\u0101k kr\u016bmus izc\u0113rt. Kafijas kokam ir tum\u0161as, sp\u012bd\u012bgas, smailas lapas ar baltiem ziediem. Nepiecie\u0161ami no 3 l\u012bdz 5 gadiem, lai kr\u016bms s\u0101ktu ra\u017eot aug\u013cus, bet pilnu ra\u017eu ieg\u016bst no 8 gadus veca koka. Kafijas koka auglis \u0101r\u0113ji atg\u0101dina \u0137irsi. Tas ir sarkan\u0101 kr\u0101s\u0101, p\u0101rkl\u0101ts ar stipru mizu, zem kuras atrodas sul\u012bgs, ar cukuru bag\u0101ts auglis. Neapstr\u0101d\u0101ti savva\u013cas koki var izaugt l\u012bdz 7 metru augstumam, bet kafijas plant\u0101cij\u0101s to optim\u0101lais augstums ir 2- 3 metri. Galvenok\u0101rt kultiv\u0113 Ar\u0101bijas un Kongo kafijas koku. Aug\u013ci nogatavojas vair\u0101kas reizes gad\u0101. Nov\u0101k\u0161ana j\u0101atk\u0101rto vair\u0101kas reizes. Tirdzniec\u012bb\u0101 ir 2 galven\u0101s kafijas \u0161\u0137irnes \u2013 Arabika un Robusta.<\/p>\n

Arabika\u00a0<\/strong>ir vislab\u0101k\u0101 kafija ar bag\u0101t\u012bgu gar\u0161u un lielisku arom\u0101tu. Starp citu, kafijas kvalit\u0101te ir atkar\u012bga ar\u012b no t\u0101, kur t\u0101 iev\u0101kta. Jo augst\u0101k virs j\u016bras l\u012bme\u0146a kafija tiek audz\u0113ta, jo lab\u0101ka ir t\u0101s kvalit\u0101te. Arabiku audz\u0113 kalnu nog\u0101z\u0113s, viet\u0101s, kur ir daudz nokri\u0161\u0146u. Arabikas audz\u0113\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ama labi dren\u0113ta augsne, divas stundas saules un p\u0101r\u0113jo dienas laiku – \u0113na. Vislab\u0101k\u0101 kafija aug tropiskajos apgabalos 600 l\u012bdz1800 metru augstum\u0101. Arabika ir absol\u016bts l\u012bderis ‘kafijas par\u0101d\u0113’. Garenisk\u0101 Arabikas pupi\u0146a ir acij t\u012bkama un gar\u0161as zi\u0146\u0101 di\u017ecilt\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 no vis\u0101m kafijas \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m. Pasaules kafijas tirg\u016b Arabikas pupi\u0146as sast\u0101da 70-75% nokop\u0113j\u0101s produkcijas.<\/p>\n

Robusta\u00a0<\/strong>– kafijas kr\u016bmi aug zem\u0101k\u0101s viet\u0101s, tie ir \u0101traudz\u012bgi un iztur\u012bgi pret slim\u012bb\u0101m, ar\u012b ra\u017e\u012bg\u0101ki. Rietumeiropa Robustu iepazina tikai pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gadsimta beig\u0101s, bet t\u0101 \u0101tri ieguva lielu saimniecisku noz\u012bmi. Robustu p\u0101rsvar\u0101 izmanto \u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161\u0101s kafijas gatavo\u0161anai. Bie\u017ei vien tiek kombin\u0113ta ar citu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u kafijas pupi\u0146\u0101m. Robusta kafijas tirg\u016b aizpilda atliku\u0161os 25%.
\nKafiju sai\u0146o maisos, tad speci\u0101los konteineros, kas garant\u0113 dro\u0161u transport\u0113\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Kafijas audz\u0113\u0161anas re\u0123ioni<\/strong>
\nLabas kvalit\u0101tes kafijas ieg\u016b\u0161ana vienm\u0113r saist\u012bta ar risku. Augst\u0101kos apgabalos, kur aug lab\u0101k\u0101 kafija, st\u0101di ir pak\u013cauti ne\u017e\u0113l\u012bg\u0101kiem klimatiskajiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem. Kafijas audz\u0113t\u0101jiem, kuri balans\u0113 starp \u0161iem apst\u0101k\u013ciem, j\u0101b\u016bt ne tikai lielai darba pieredzei un lieliskai intu\u012bcijai, vi\u0146iem ir nepiecie\u0161ama ar\u012b laim\u012bga roka.<\/p>\n

Kolumbija tiek uzskat\u012bta par \u201cKafijas zemi\u201d, jo kafija joproj\u0101m ir galvenais kult\u016braugs valst\u012b. \u0160eit kafijas pupi\u0146\u0101m ir bag\u0101t\u012bga gar\u0161as bu\u0137ete un br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bgs arom\u0101ts. Medellina ir viena no paz\u012bstam\u0101k\u0101m kafijas \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m ar perfekti sabalans\u0113tu sk\u0101bumu pak\u0101pi.<\/p>\n

Braz\u012blij\u0101 ra\u017eo 30% no pasaules kafijas daudzuma. Tom\u0113r \u0161\u012b kafijas kvalit\u0101te ir main\u012bga. Santos \u0161\u0137irne ir vislab\u0101k\u0101, tai ir maiga, viegla gar\u0161a.<\/p>\n

Kamer\u016bn\u0101 ra\u017eo augstas kvalit\u0101tes Robustas pupi\u0146as un neliela daudzuma maigas Arabikas.<\/p>\n

Kostarikas kafija ir iev\u0113rojama ar savu smalko, bag\u0101t\u012bgo gar\u0161u un aso sk\u0101buma l\u012bmeni. Viena no iev\u0113rojam\u0101kaj\u0101m kafijas \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m ir Tarrazu.<\/p>\n

Dominik\u0101nas Republikas uadz\u0113 Santa Domingo kafijas pupi\u0146as, kuras iemantoju\u0161as popularit\u0101ti Amerik\u0101 un V\u0101cij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Ekvadoras kafijai ir asa gar\u0161a. Kafijas pupi\u0146as ir nelielas. T\u0101s parasti jauc kop\u0101 ar cit\u0101m kafijas \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Etiopijas kafijai ir stipra gar\u0161a. Da\u017eos aprakstos tiek teikts, t\u0101 atg\u0101dina v\u012bnu.
\nViss paz\u012bstam\u0101k\u0101 ir Harrar \u0161\u0137irne, kurai ir ar bag\u0101t\u012bg\u0101ka \u0161okol\u0101des gar\u0161a.<\/p>\n

Gvatemal\u0101 kafija tiek audz\u0113ta augstu virs j\u016bras l\u012bme\u0146a, tai ir maiga gar\u0161a ar labu sk\u0101buma pak\u0101pi un arom\u0101tu. Vislab\u0101k tiek v\u0113rt\u0113tas Coban un Antigua \u0161\u0137irnes.<\/p>\n

Haiti kafijas pupi\u0146\u0101m ir bag\u0101t\u012bga, maigi saldena gar\u0161a. Zem\u0101k\u0101s kvalit\u0101tes pupi\u0146as tiek sp\u0113c\u012bgi grauzd\u0113tas.<\/p>\n

\u012asts kafijas cien\u012bt\u0101js prot nov\u0113rt\u0113t labu kafiju. Vi\u0146\u0161 v\u0113las baud\u012bt tikai un vien\u012bgi lielisku dz\u0113rienu. T\u0101p\u0113c kafij\u0101 nevar b\u016bt neviena slikta pupi\u0146a vai k\u0101di sve\u0161\u0137erme\u0146i. Kafijas sajauk\u0161anas filozofija, pareiza da\u017e\u0101du kafijas \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u apvieno\u0161ana un grauzd\u0113\u0161anas prasme garant\u0113 teicamu kafijas kvalit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

autors: M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 \u017deimots<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par kafijas izplat\u012b\u0161anos no Austrum-\u0100frikas caur Eiropu l\u012bdz pat Braz\u012blijai kl\u012bst daudz le\u0123endu, teiku un nost\u0101stu. Uzskata, ka\u00a0kafijas stimul\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s \u012bpatn\u012bbas atkl\u0101ja Etiopij\u0101. S\u0101kum\u0101 kafijas ogas tika [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5472,5502,5506],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-barmenu-skolas-publikacijas","category-bez-alk-dzerieni","category-kafija"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17137"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19339,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17137\/revisions\/19339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bar.lv\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}